News | Vcodexhttps://vcodex.com/news/2020-10-06T13:55:42.749398+00:00NewsWhat’s my video coding patent worth?2016-03-11T15:54:46+00:002020-10-06T11:16:07.450263+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/whats-my-video-coding-patent-worth/<div>With tens of thousands of patents related to video compression coding, how can you determine whether a particular patent might be valuable? Asking the following questions may help you to start.</div>
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<h3>1. Do the claims cover encoding or decoding?</h3>
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<div>Do the patent claims cover encoding (compression), decoding (decompression) or both? Decoding claims may be more useful, depending on the context. Decoding and playback tends to be more widespread than encoding - think about the time you spend watching video compared with the time you spend taking video footage. Video compression standards (see below) generally define decoding methods but not encoding methods.</div>
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<div>If a single claim combines elements from multiple devices, such as video encoders, video decoders and network devices, detection of use may be difficult (see below). The elements are likely to be distributed across a number of devices if they are used in practice.</div>
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<h3>2. Does the patent relate to a standard?</h3>
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<div>Many commercial applications of video coding rely on industry standards such as MPEG-2, H.264/AVC and H.265/HEVC. Each of these standards is a specification that describes a compressed bitstream format and a method of decoding the bitstream to produce a video output. The standards don’t define an encoder - instead, it’s left up to the designer to come up with a method of encoding that meets the standard.</div>
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<h3>a. Is the claimed invention <em>essential</em> to a standard? </h3>
<div>This is likely to require all the elements of a claim to be found in the published standard. A Standards Essential Patent (SEP) may be particularly valuable, since every device implementing the standard may require a license to the patent rights. However, SEPs may well come with certain expectations such as an obligation to license the rights on Fair, Reasonable and Non Discriminatory (FRAND) terms.<br/><br/></div>
<div>For more background on standards, SEPs and FRAND, see:</div>
<div><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/cpb/2014/008_en.pdf"></a><a href="http://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/cpb/2014/008_en.pdf">http://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/cpb/2014/008_en.pdf</a></div>
<div>"Standards frequently make reference to technologies that are protected by patents. A patent that protects technology essential to a standard is called a standard-essential patent. It is impossible to manufacture standard-compliant products such as smartphones or tablets without using technologies covered by one or more SEPs."</div>
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<h3>b. Is the claimed invention <em>useful</em> to a standards-compliant video codec?</h3>
<div>Examples might include inventions that improve the compression performance or computational efficiency of a video codec, sometimes described as “design patents” or “implementation patents”. Such a patent may be valuable if, for example, it is already being used in video coding products, or if manufacturers might be persuaded to license the technology to improve the performance of future versions of their products.</div>
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<h3>c. Is the claimed invention <em>incompatible</em> with current standards?</h3>
<div>If so, its value may be limited. Many different approaches to video compression have been developed over the last few decades and only some of these have found their way into standards. A patent covering a non-standard method of compression may be of little practical value unless it covers (say) your niche product or proprietary, non-standard system.</div>
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<h3>3. How easy is it to detect usage?</h3>
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<div>How can I find out whether other companies are using my patent in their product?</div>
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<div>If the patent is Standards Essential, then it may simply be necessary to check for standards compliance, for example by testing a third-party product.</div>
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<div>If it’s not Standards Essential, can usage be detected by observing or testing the product? For example, if I examine the compressed bitstream produced by a third-party encoder, can I find evidence that my invention is being used inside the product?</div>
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<div><br/>Is the claimed invention likely to be buried within a chip design or software codec? If there are no observable clues to usage, it may be necessary to carry out a specialist review of software or hardware source code to work out whether or not the invention is being used in a product.</div>
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<h3>4. Will the patent stand up to a validity challenge?</h3>
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<div>Standards-based codecs make use of a well-known design or model for coding that includes motion compensated prediction, block-based transforms and bitstream encoding. Some of the key concepts of this model <a href="http://vcodex.com/news/7-important-video-compression-concepts-that-are-more-than-20-years-old/">date back to the 1970s or earlier</a> and the model has been progressively refined over the last 25 years. This means that a recently-issued patent with very broad claims covering aspects of standards based codecs may set alarm bells ringing.</div>
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<div>Assessing relevant prior art can be a challenge because video coding has been a very busy research and development field for many decades. Fortunately there are some useful starting points for prior art investigation, such as the standards themselves and the <a href="http://vcodex.com/news/high-efficiency-video-coding-the-numbers/">thousands of technical contributions</a> that led to their development.</div>
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<h3>5. How can I find out more?</h3>
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<div>At Vcodex we specialise in deep and insightful analysis of intellectual property relating to video compression and media streaming. Our experience in video coding goes back to the early 1990s and we have world-leading expertise in the complex intersection between patents, technology and standards. If you would like advice about assessing the value of a patent, please <a href="http://vcodex.com/#contact">get in touch</a>.</div>HEVC video encoders widen the gap for 4K content2016-03-02T18:00:00+00:002020-10-06T11:14:44.772440+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/hevc-video-encoders-widen-the-gap-for-4k-content/<div>
<div>
<p>New report finds that HEVC out-performs H.264 for higher resolution content.</p>
<p>Moscow State University's <a href="http://www.compression.ru/video/index.htm" target="_blank">Graphics and Media Lab Video Group</a> have published the latest in their series of independent experimental comparisons of video compression codecs. <a href="http://compression.ru/video/codec_comparison/h265_2015_reports/MSU_HEVC_4K_2016_free.pdf" target="_blank">This new report</a> compares the performance of selected HEVC/H.265 and AVC/H.264 codecs for Ultra High Definition or 4K video content.</p>
<p>HEVC is arguably well-suited to handling the high spatial resolution of UHD (around 4000 x 2000 pixels per frame, four times as many pixels as full HD), with coding features such as 64x64 pixel Coding Tree Units, much larger than H.264's 16x16 pixel macroblocks.</p>
<p>The MSU test compares codec performance for a range of UHD video sequences such as Dirt Trail:</p>
<p><img alt="" class="center" height="300" src="https://media-vcodex-com.s3.amazonaws.com/media/imported-news/AAEAAQAAAAAAAAXcAAAAJDQxYjI1ZDYzLTMyMjQtNDkzYy1iNGNjLWQ1M2EyN2M4ZTc3Nw.png" width="532"/></p>
<p>Here's a sample graph from the MSU report, comparing the performance of six codecs, compressing and decompressing the Dirt Trail clip. Good performance is characterised by high quality (the vertical axis) at lower bitrates (the horizontal axis), i.e. "up and left" is generally better than "down and right". Three HEVC/H.265 codecs (x265, nj265 and Intel MSS) are consistently the best performers for this particular clip.</p>
<p><img alt="" class="center" height="344" src="https://media-vcodex-com.s3.amazonaws.com/media/imported-news/AAEAAQAAAAAAAASqAAAAJDUyNzBmNTM3LTU4YmYtNDQ5MS04MjVlLTdjYzMwYWQ3N2U3OA.png" width="640"/><br/>Overall, the MSU group put Intel's MSS codec out in front, followed closely by the open-source x265. Their results show bitrate savings of around 43% and 36% respectively compared with the x264 open-source H.264 codec.</p>
<p><img alt="" class="center" height="414" src="https://media-vcodex-com.s3.amazonaws.com/media/imported-news/AAEAAQAAAAAAAAa9AAAAJGRjYTQ3ZWFkLTk2MDMtNDAzMS05NjJhLWViMGVlYmJhMjk1ZA.png" width="640"/><br/>Interestingly, the gap between HEVC and H.264 is much wider for Ultra High Definition content than for MSU's <a href="http://www.compression.ru/video/codec_comparison/hevc_2015/" target="_blank">previous tests on High Definition video clips</a>, which placed the best HEVC codecs only a few percentage points ahead of x264. This implies that HEVC really does come into its own for higher-resolution video compression.</p>
<p><em>Graphs and results used with permission, courtesy of MSU Graphics and Media Lab Video Group.</em></p>
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</div>High Efficiency Video Coding: the numbers2016-02-29T11:11:35+00:002020-10-06T11:15:29.803922+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/high-efficiency-video-coding-the-numbers/<div>
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<p>Three years in the making, over six thousand technical proposals from hundreds of companies... the numbers behind the popular High Efficiency Video Coding standard.</p>
<p>Have you ever wondered where video codecs come from? The popular HEVC video compression standard (High Efficiency Video Coding / H.265) was created by a joint committee of the ISO/IEC and ITU-T standards organisations. First published in 2013, the standard was the result of three years of intensive effort by engineers from a host of technology companies and organisations. Here are some of the key numbers.</p>
<p><img alt="" class="center" height="1274" src="https://media-vcodex-com.s3.amazonaws.com/media/imported-news/AAEAAQAAAAAAAASRAAAAJDRiNGE0YmE4LTliMWMtNGNhYS1iNzkxLWZlYjg4ZTNhNzMzNg.png" width="640"/></p>
<p>To find out more, <a href="http://phenix.int-evry.fr/jct/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">search the archives</a> of the HEVC working group or visit our <a href="https://www.vcodex.com/h265-high-efficiency-video-coding-hevc/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">HEVC resources page</a>.</p>
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</div>4K or Binge : a large scale viewing experiment?2015-11-26T16:21:00+00:002016-03-10T15:42:18.845155+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/4k-or-binge-a-large-scale-viewing-experiment/<div>
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<p>Would you pay more for high resolution video? T-Mobile aims to find out.</p>
<p>T-Mobile recently announced "<a href="http://www.t-mobile.com/offer/binge-on-streaming-video.html" target="_blank">Binge On</a>", a feature that allows users of mobile data plans to watch as much video as they like from popular providers such as Netflix, without using up their data plan budget. The catch? Video is delivered to your device at "DVD quality", i.e. around 480p resolution, SD in the graphic below. If you want to watch higher resolution video (HD or above), you have to pay for it.<br/><br/>This is an interesting step that seems to go against the recent push towards higher resolution video. But with some commentators <a href="http://www.cnet.com/uk/news/why-ultra-hd-4k-tvs-are-still-stupid/" target="_blank">questioning the merits of 4K</a>, the Binge On service could be seen as a large-scale experiment to try and answer a question that has been debated for over 20 years.<br/><br/>Would you pay for higher resolution video?<br/><br/></p>
<div class="separator" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-M9ewwXXXIgs/VlcxWsFeoYI/AAAAAAAAAsI/4ZWhfjNnEYs/s1600/4k_hd_sd_example.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="285" src="https://media-vcodex-com.s3.amazonaws.com/media/imported-news/4k_hd_sd_example.png" width="400"/></a></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">---- Professor Iain Richardson is the author of four books on video compression. He leads Vcodex, providers of expert advice on video compression and multimedia communications. http://vcodex.com</div>
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</div>Are we compressed yet? How to cut through codec hype.2015-09-25T09:24:00+00:002016-03-10T15:42:36.093365+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/are-we-compressed-yet-how-to-cut-through-codec-hype/<div>
<div>
<p>Are you confused by contradictory claims about video codec technologies? An online resource might help you find the answer.</p>
<p>Finding out which codec is "best" can be difficult and challenging. Luckily, the team developing the open-source Daala video codec have a solution. "<a href="https://arewecompressedyet.com/" target="_blank">AreWeCompressedYet.com</a>", an online resource that allows you to compare the performance of popular codecs.<br/><br/>How it works:<br/>Codec developers submit "jobs" to the site. Each job involves coding and decoding a set of common test videos at a range of bitrates. This can be a very time consuming process, but the site collects and stores the results from many previous test runs. The results of each job can be viewed as a rate-distortion curve, with bitrate on the x-axis and "quality" on the y-axis:<br/><br/></p>
<div class="separator" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Y2mconCJzvk/VgUba4VCDFI/AAAAAAAAAqI/IhCrEyz48Jg/s1600/codecs_performance_aug15.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="302" src="https://media-vcodex-com.s3.amazonaws.com/media/imported-news/codecs_performance_aug15.png" width="400"/></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="text-align: left;">This example compares the performance of five video codecs, under the following conditions:</div>
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<ul>
<li>Test video set: "ntt-short-1", a set of 1-second video clips with varying characteristics.</li>
<li>Video resolution: 720p, 24 frames per second</li>
<li>Picture quality metric: Peak SNR (PSNR)</li>
</ul>
<div>In this example, HEVC and VP9 have the "best" performance (highest curves), followed by Thor, H.264 and Daala. There are a few things you should be aware of:</div>
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<ul>
<li>Measuring picture quality is a notoriously inexact science. Changing the metric from PSNR to a different metric such as SSim may - and often will - change the ranking of the codecs.</li>
<li>Changing the video set or resolution may affect the results, since each codec's performance depends on the actual video content.</li>
<li>The online tool is comparing specific implementations of each codec. For example, different software implementation of HEVC will probably perform differently.</li>
<li>There is probably significant scope for further improvements to the HEVC, VP9, Thor and Daala codecs, since these are all relatively new (or still-developing) formats.</li>
</ul>
<div>With all this in mind, <a href="https://arewecompressedyet.com/" target="_blank">arewecompressedyet.com</a> provides a quick and easy way to compare codec technologies under identical experimental conditions. Will it resolve the endless arguments about which codec is best? Maybe!</div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">---- Professor Iain Richardson is the author of four books on video compression. He leads Vcodex, providers of expert advice on video compression and multimedia communications. http://vcodex.com</div>
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</div>USPTO invited talk, "structures in video coding"2015-06-18T13:40:00+00:002020-10-06T11:16:17.818231+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/uspto-invited-talk-structures-in-video-coding/<div>
<p>Vcodex founder Iain Richardson presents an invited talk at the US Patent and Trademark Office (June 2015).</p>
<p>This week I had the honour of presenting an invited talk to examiners at the US Patent and Trademark Office campus in Alexandra, Virginia. The topic of my talk was "structures in video coding". I explained how video codec structures have evolved from simple, repetitive 16x16 macroblocks in early standards such as MPEG-1....</p>
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<div class="separator" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-O0XtFmW18ws/VYLWbAy1oVI/AAAAAAAAAl4/UNOLx66iG6g/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2015-06-18%2Bat%2B10.31.28.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://media-vcodex-com.s3.amazonaws.com/media/imported-news/Screen%252BShot%252B2015-06-18%252Bat%252B10.31.28.png" width="400"/></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="text-align: left;">..... to complex hierarchies of blocks in recent standards such as HEVC:</div>
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<div class="separator" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mVCqBaAMCGQ/VYLWv8sJ3UI/AAAAAAAAAmA/WmeeD8cbH88/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2015-06-18%2Bat%2B10.31.39.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="231" src="https://media-vcodex-com.s3.amazonaws.com/media/imported-news/Screen%252BShot%252B2015-06-18%252Bat%252B10.31.39.png" width="400"/></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="text-align: left;">I examined the effects of increasingly complex block structures. These changes have led to dramatic improvements in compression performance but also increasing computational demands. I left the audience with a question: after 25+ years of intensive research and development, why do mainstream video codecs still rely on rectangular block structures?</div>
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<div class="separator" style="text-align: left;">- Iain Richardson</div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">---- Professor Iain Richardson is the author of four books on video compression. He leads Vcodex, providers of expert advice on video compression and multimedia communications. http://vcodex.com</div>
</div>7 important video compression concepts that are more than 20 years old2015-06-02T13:32:00+00:002020-10-06T13:55:42.749398+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/7-important-video-compression-concepts-that-are-more-than-20-years-old/<div class="MsoNormal">
<p>When were the key concepts of video compression developed? You may be surprised to learn that some date back to the 1950s.</p>
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<div class="MsoNormal">The latest MPEG / ITU video compression standard, H.265 or HEVC, was published in 2013. HEVC is a significant technical achievement, but it's partly based on fundamental work carried out many decades ago.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">An HEVC video codec includes the basic building blocks of:</div>
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<ul>
<li>Prediction : create an estimate or prediction of a current block of video data</li>
<li>Transform : convert a block of samples into a spatial frequency representation</li>
<li>Entropy coding : encode video information into a compressed bitstream</li>
</ul>
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<div class="MsoNormal">Here are seven important research papers and patents dating back to the 1950s that helped to shape present day video coding technology.</div>
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<div class="separator" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-APReYeTyYD0/VW29onVXwNI/AAAAAAAAAlI/iHw1ydTQQ0s/s1600/figure_videocodec_historical_papers_jun15.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://media-vcodex-com.s3.amazonaws.com/media/imported-news/figure_videocodec_historical_papers_jun15.png" width="640"/></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">Key:</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">1. </span><span lang="EN-US">“A Method for the Construction of Minimum Redundancy Codes”, D A Huffman, Proceedings of the I.R.E., September 1952</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><i><i><span lang="EN-US">- Variable length binary codes for data compression.</span></i></i>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span>2. “Transform coding of image difference signals”, M R Schroeder, US Patent 3679821, 1972</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><i><i><span lang="EN-US">- Coding moving images using frame differencing, i.e. simple inter-frame prediction.</span></i></i>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span>3. </span><span> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">“Discrete Cosine Transform”, Ahmed, Natarajan and Rao, IEEE Transactions on Computers, Jan 1974</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><i><i><span lang="EN-US">- The classic paper on the DCT, widely used in image and video compression.</span></i></i>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span>4. “Generalized Kraft inequality and arithmetic coding”, J J Rissanen, IBM J. Res. Dev. 20, May 1976</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><i><i><span lang="EN-US">- Arithmetic coding, a forerunner of H.264 and HEVC’s CABAC.</span></i></i>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span>5. “Displacement measurement and its application in interframe image coding”, J R Jain and A K Jain, IEEE Trans. Communications, December 1981</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><i><i><span lang="EN-US">- An early description of motion compensated prediction for video coding.</span></i></i>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span>6. “Variable size block matching motion compensation with applications to video coding”, M H Chan, Y B Yu and A G Constantinides, IEE Proceedings Vol 137, August 1990</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-US">- Motion compensated prediction with variable size blocks.</span></i></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span>7. “MPEG: A video compression standard for multimedia applications”, D Le Gall, Communications of the ACM, Vol 34 No 4, April 1991</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><i><i><span lang="EN-US">- Bidirectional prediction as used in the MPEG-1 video compression standard.</span></i></i>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">---- Professor Iain Richardson is the author of four books on video compression. He leads Vcodex, providers of expert advice on video compression and multimedia communications. http://vcodex.com</div>Talk: The Ultra HD Codecs - HEVC and VP92015-05-21T06:59:00+00:002016-03-14T14:53:12.978082+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/talk-the-ultra-hd-codecs-hevc-and-vp9/<p><span>Ultra HD or 4K is making a big impact on the broadcast industry. In this talk, Vcodex founder Iain Richardson explains how HEVC and VP9 video codecs may help handle the challenges of 4K.</span></p>
<p><span>I'm looking forward to giving this talk to broadcast professionals in Stornoway, Isle of Lewis, one of Scotland's beautiful <a href="http://www.isle-of-lewis.com/" target="_blank">Western Isles</a>.</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>The Ultra HD Codecs: HEVC and VP9</span></p>
<p>When: Friday 22nd May 2015, 11am</p>
<p>Where: MGAlba Studios, Seaforth Road, Stornoway</p>
<p></p>
<p>Like it or hate it, Ultra HD or 4K is making a big impact on the broadcast industry. 4K content has four times the number of pixels of full HD, making storing, transferring and streaming very demanding. This has significant implications for workflows.</p>
<p></p>
<p>The new HEVC/H.265 and VP9 video compression codecs are designed to help handle the challenges of UHD / 4K video. This talk will introduce you to these new codecs. You will learn:</p>
<div>
<ul>
<li>How the codecs compress and deliver 4K video</li>
<li>What’s changed from older codecs such as H.264</li>
<li>How the new codecs perform</li>
<li>What software and hardware support is available.</li>
</ul>
<p>-----</p>
<p>If you are interested in arranging a specialist lecture on video coding or streaming technology, please <a href="https://www.vcodex.com/news/feeds/atom/#contact">get in touch</a>.</p>
<p>---- Professor Iain Richardson is the author of four books on video compression. He leads Vcodex, providers of expert advice on video compression and multimedia communications. http://vcodex.com</p>
</div>The challenges facing a new codec2015-04-27T14:01:00+00:002016-03-14T14:54:09.625497+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/the-challenges-facing-a-new-codec/<p>I was asked recently to comment on how easy or difficult it might be to introduce a new video compression codec. Here's a summary of my opinion - you can read the <a href="http://www.v-net.tv/commentators-outline-the-challenges-for-new-perseus-compression-codec" target="_blank">full article by John Moulding here</a>.</p>
<p>At present, the market is dominated by standards-based and open source solutions, including H.264 / AVC, VP8, HEVC and VP9. What challenges might be faced by a new entrant to the market</p>
<p><b>1. Interoperability:</b> One of the key motivations for the development of standards has been interoperability. Streaming provider X needs to be compatible with playback client Y. Building a critical mass of support for a new codec requires widespread adoption of encoders and decoders that interoperate with each other.</p>
<p><b>2. Performance:</b> The development of standards such as H.264 or HEVC involved rigorous and thorough testing using agreed protocols for measurement of quality, bitrate, computational requirements, etc. Performance testing needs to be repeatable, such that multiple organisations can check performance and reach the same conclusions.</p>
<p><b>3. Intellectual property:</b> An open source or standardised solution provides a degree of transparency about who might own intellectual property that is used in a compression solution. For example, implementors of the H.264/AVC standard can take a license to several hundred patents that may be essential to the standard, via the MPEG-LA patent pool.</p>
<p><b>4. Hardware support:</b> When you play back or stream a video on a consumer device such as a cellphone or tablet, the computationally intensive process of decoding video is assisted by dedicated hardware, enabling smoother playback and better battery life. Support for existing formats such as H.264 and VP8 is built in to chipsets, operating systems and protocols.</p>
<p>A new codec technology has to overcome many hurdles if it is to be widely adopted. However, I am always interested in genuinely new and disruptive approaches to video compression. Is there a challenger out there to the 25-year-old codec model that has been the basis of video compression standards from MPEG-1 to HEVC.</p>
<p>---- Professor Iain Richardson is the author of four books on video compression. He leads Vcodex, providers of expert advice on video compression and multimedia communications. http://vcodex.com</p>Video compression - early history2014-12-11T16:37:00+00:002016-03-16T10:07:10.437842+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/video-compression-early-history/<p>Present day video codecs such as HEVC are based on fundamental concepts that go back a surprisingly long way. Key components such as motion compensated prediction, transform coding and entropy coding were developed in the decades before 1990.</p>
<p>I've written a short overview of the early days of video coding, when the building blocks were developed that would enable the emergence of mainstream digital video products in the 1990s. Find it <a href="https://www.vcodex.com/historical-timeline-of-video-coding-standards-and-formats/" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YdM4sWjcMVk/VInH3D3NhkI/AAAAAAAAAdE/MHVks3bLbqg/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2014-12-11%2Bat%2B16.35.19.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://media-vcodex-com.s3.amazonaws.com/media/imported-news/Screen%252BShot%252B2014-12-11%252Bat%252B16.35.19.png" width="320"/></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"En L'An 2000", early videophone concept, 1910</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p></p>
<p>---- Professor Iain Richardson is the author of four books on video compression. He leads Vcodex, providers of expert advice on video compression and multimedia communications. http://vcodex.com</p>A nice example of 4K video encoded using VP92014-11-21T15:31:00+00:002020-10-06T11:28:00.947168+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/a-nice-example-of-4k-video-encoded-using-vp9/<p>Do you want to see 4K video in action? Phil Holland has put together a rather good demo clip, captured using a 6K RED camera and encoded using VP9 at 4K resolution (3840 x 2160 pixels).</p>
<p>The clip is 1 minute 55 seconds, 200MBytes in size, which works out at around 13Mbits per second. To view it for yourself, download the Zip file <a href="http://www.reduser.net/forum/showthread.php?111230-Google-VP9-4K-HD-Sample" target="_blank">here</a>, extract the .webm file from the Zip file, and drag it into a Chrome browser window. Of course, you'll need a 4K resolution monitor to get the full benefit and you may need a fast processor for smooth playback.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.reduser.net/forum/showthread.php?111230-Google-VP9-4K-HD-Sample">http://www.reduser.net/forum/showthread.php?111230-Google-VP9-4K-HD-Sample</a></p>
<p><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DFTqSGdreqo/VG9aYJ0n7YI/AAAAAAAAAb8/0Naa5FGfEvM/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2014-11-21%2Bat%2B15.24.59.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="178" src="https://media-vcodex-com.s3.amazonaws.com/media/imported-news/Screen%252BShot%252B2014-11-21%252Bat%252B15.24.59.png" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320"/></a></p>
<p>---- Professor Iain Richardson is the author of four books on video compression. He leads Vcodex, providers of expert advice on video compression and multimedia communications. http://vcodex.com</p>How to stream better quality video: Part 3 - Ultra High Definition, 4K and next generation video codecs2014-09-05T07:52:00+00:002016-03-07T14:52:56.161527+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/how-to-stream-better-quality-video-part-3-ultra-high-definition-4k-and-next-generation-video-codecs/<div>
<div>
<p><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span>4K or Ultra High Definition (UHD) video has four times the detail of 1080p full HD. </span>How do you deliver such high resolution video to a TV or mobile device over a limited bandwidth connection? Next-generation video codecs may provide the answer. This article, part 3 of “</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><i>How to stream better quality video</i></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">”, gives an overview of two new video codecs: High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC or H.265) and VP9.</span></p>
<p><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<h3><span>The High Efficiency Video Coding standard</span></h3>
<h3><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">H.264 is widely used amongst broadcasters and in the online video streaming industry, but this may change with the introduction of HEVC. If you want to get up to speed on the technical side of HEVC, the <a href="https://www.vcodex.com/h265-high-efficiency-video-coding-hevc/">Vcodex website</a></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"> has material to get you started.</span></h3>
</div>
<div></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Key features of </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">HEVC</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">:</span></div>
<div><b> </b></div>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="vertical-align: baseline;">
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Up to twice as efficient as H.264 - which means that you can send the same picture quality using much smaller files.</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="vertical-align: baseline;">
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Support for resolution up to 8K video (7680 × 4320) and frame rates up to 120 frames per second.</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="vertical-align: baseline;">
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Improved picture quality in terms of noise levels, color spaces and dynamic range.</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div><b> </b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">This means you can shoot and produce video at the higher resolutions of UHD/4K without dramatically increasing the bandwidth required to broadcast or stream your video. </span></div>
<div><b> </b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">VP9</span></div>
<div><b> </b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">VP9 is Google’s answer to the problem of streaming 4K video. </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Offered as royalty free by Google, VP9 also claims to be significantly more efficient than H.264. Like HEVC, VP9 supports compression of videos at resolutions above HD as part of the WebM media format.</span><br/><br/></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<div><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">When can I start using 4K / Ultra High Definition?</span></div>
<div><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div>
<span><span>You can try 4K on the web right now. For example, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5BF9E09ECEC8F88F">this Youtube playlist</a> features 4K/UHD videos, which your display may or may not be able to handle. DivX's <a href="http://www.divx.com/en/hevc-showcase">HEVC showcase</a> includes examples of 4K videos. You'll need to download the DivX HEVC plugin to play back these clips.</span></span><br/><br/><span><span>Hardware support for HEVC is increasing, with a number of demonstrations at this year's <a href="http://www.rapidtvnews.com/2014081934961/ibc-2014-harmonic-shows-off-virtual-video-4k-ultrahd.html#axzz3CM5TOzpk">IBC show</a>. A reference hardware implementation of VP9 is <a href="http://www.webmproject.org/hardware/vp9/">available for chip developers</a>.</span></span><br/><br/></div>
<div><b><br/></b><span>New codecs - a performance comparison</span></div>
<div><b> </b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">We ran a comparison test to find out how HEVC and VP9 codecs performed compared with H.264 using a 720p video clip downloaded from the </span><a href="http://media.xiph.org/video/derf/"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Xiph website</span></a><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">. Following standard test guidelines for video quality assessment, we carried out subjective video quality tests with 10 non-expert users. </span></div>
<div>
<div class="separator" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DzQ1bjPxO0o/VVnojziWI2I/AAAAAAAAAkU/uIvGtmkEikI/s1600/Screen%2BShot%2B2015-05-18%2Bat%2B14.26.05.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="275" src="https://media-vcodex-com.s3.amazonaws.com/media/imported-news/Screen%252BShot%252B2015-05-18%252Bat%252B14.26.05.png" width="640"/></a></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 1: File size versus perceptual quality for H.264, VP9 and HEVC codecs</b></div>
<b><br/></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Figure 1 shows the variation of perceptual video quality measured as </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><i>mean opinion score</i></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"> (MOS), with file size for different codecs. At the higher end of the quality scale (i.e. lower compression), both HEVC and VP9 achieve a similar viewing quality to H.264 with a 40-45% reduction in file size. At lower quality ratings, the gains of HEVC and VP9 are smaller.</span></span><br/><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br/></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">This implies that you should see the most benefit from HEVC and VP9 codecs at high quality / low compression settings.</span><br/><br/><span><br/></span><span>We hope the three-part series of the blog "</span><i>How to stream better quality video</i><span>" has been useful.</span><br/><br/><span><br/></span></div>
<div><i style="text-align: start;">About the authors:<br/></i><br/>
<div style="text-align: left;"><i style="text-align: start;"><i style="text-align: start;">Iain Richardson is an internationally known expert on video compression and the author of several books, including The H.264 Advanced Video Compression Standard</i></i></div>
<i style="text-align: start;"><br/>Abharana Bhat specialises in video compression, media streaming and video quality assessment.</i><br/><br style="text-align: start;"/><span style="text-align: start;">Copyright (c) Vcodex Limited 2014-2015</span></div>
</div>
<p><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"></span></p>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">---- Professor Iain Richardson is the author of four books on video compression. He leads Vcodex, providers of expert advice on video compression and multimedia communications. http://vcodex.com</div>
</div>
</div>How to stream better quality video: Part 2 - Adaptive streaming2014-09-04T13:56:00+00:002016-03-14T15:01:31.790574+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/how-to-stream-better-quality-video-part-2-adaptive-streaming/<p><span>You want to stream a video clip to several customers. One customer has a high bandwidth leased line connection, while another is trying to view your clip on a mobile device using a poor-quality 3G signal. How do you make sure they each get the best possible video quality? Adaptive streaming may be the answer.</span></p>
<p>Video streaming sends your video (source) to play back on a computer or mobile device (client), using an internet connection to transport the video. Streaming video is a complex process involving many different components. In this series of articles, we help you understand the basics of streaming video and the various factors that can make a big difference to the quality of your video clip.</p>
<p><span>In our <a href="https://www.vcodex.com/news/how-to-stream-better-quality-video-part-1-basics-and-good-practices/">first article</a>, we looked at the basics of streaming video and discussed good and bad practice. In this article, we look at how to stream video effectively over networks with varying connection speeds.</span></p>
<h2><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span><b>1. Adaptive streaming: the basics</b></span></span></h2>
<p>The general concept of adaptive streaming is shown in Figure 1.</p>
<p><strong>a. Multiple versions:</strong></p>
<p><span>Starting with a high quality video source such as a High Definition video clip, a <a href="https://www.vcodex.com/news/how-to-stream-better-quality-video-part-1-basics-and-good-practices/">video encoder</a> produces versions at multiple qualities and bitrates, for example:</span><br/><span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>An HD version at 2Mbps </li>
<li>A Standard Definition (SD) version at 1Mbps </li>
<li>A very low resolution version at 50kbps. </li>
</ul>
<p><span>Each of these versions is split into small chunks, typically each a few seconds long, and stored on a web server ready for streaming.</span></p>
<p><strong>b. Index file:</strong></p>
<p><span>The server maintains an index or playlist file which lists all the media chunks, including the bitrate of each stream and the starting position of each chunk.</span></p>
<p><strong>c. Streaming to the client:</strong></p>
<p><span>When the client (the user's software application) requests playback of the video stream, the server returns the index file to the client.</span></p>
<p><span>The client requests chunks at the most suitable bitrate, based on considerations such as the available connection bandwidth, playback delay and device capabilities. The server sends each requested chunk in order.</span></p>
<p><span>The result: video and audio playback that adapts to suit the network conditions.</span></p>
<h2><span><b>2. Examples</b></span></h2>
<p><span><b>Example 1:</b></span></p>
<p><span>The client is initially connected to the internet via a good quality WiFi connection. Streaming starts at 2Mbps and the user sees good quality, HD video with low delay.</span></p>
<p><span>The WiFi signal is lost and the client switches to a 3G mobile connection. Streaming switches to 1Mbps, then to 50kbps. The user sees continuous video playback. The video quality steps down to SD then to lower resolution because of the drop in network bandwidth.</span></p>
<p><span><b>Example 2:</b></span></p>
<p><span>The client is configured to start playback as quickly as possible. It automatically requests the lowest quality stream and steps up if the bandwidth is good enough. The user sees basic quality playback very soon after pressing "play". After a few seconds, the video quality improves progressively without any delays or breaks in playback.</span></p>
<p><span><b>3. Practical considerations</b></span></p>
<p><span>Adaptive streaming format. There are a number of choices of adaptive streaming methods, including:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.apple.com/streaming/">HTTP Live Streaming (HLS)</a>: Originally specific to Apple devices, now available on other platforms. </li>
<li><a href="http://www.iis.net/downloads/microsoft/smooth-streaming">Microsoft Smooth Streaming</a>: Developed for Silverlight and Windows Phone. </li>
<li><a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/hds-dynamic-streaming.html">Adobe HTTP Dynamic Streaming (HDS)</a>: Suitable for streaming to devices compatible with Adobe Flash or Air. </li>
<li><a href="http://dashif.org">MPEG Dynamic Adaptive Streaming (DASH)</a>: An open standard for adaptive streaming developed by the MPEG standards committee. </li>
</ul>
<p><span>Each of these methods has pros and cons. When selecting an adaptive streaming technology, it is important to consider:</span></p>
<ul>
<li>Availability and cost of encoding software tools </li>
<li>Compatibility with your target clients. </li>
</ul>
<p><span><b>Stream count.</b> How many streams should be created for each video file? More streams will give the client more flexibility to choose the best stream based on the available bitrate and display capabilities. However, each stream needs to be converted (transcoded) from the original and stored on a server. This may increase computing and storage costs.<br/><br/><b>Chunks and key frames. </b>How many seconds per chunk? Each chunk starts with a key frame, i.e. a video frame encoded without any prediction from other frames. Key frames require significantly more bit rate to transmit than predicted ("inter") frames. Smaller chunks make it possible for the client to switch streams more frequently, leading to faster startup and smoother adaptation. However, smaller chunks require more frequent key frames, leading to poorer transmission efficiency. A good compromise may be to use smaller chunks early in the video stream, increasing the size later on.</span></p>
<p><span><b>4. Going further </b>Part 3 in this series will compare the latest video codecs in depth.</span></p>
<p><span>Copyright (c) Vcodex Limited / Onecodec Limited, 2014</span></p>
<p>---- Professor Iain Richardson is the author of four books on video compression. He leads Vcodex, providers of expert advice on video compression and multimedia communications. http://vcodex.com</p>How to stream better quality video: Part 1 - Basics and good practices2014-09-04T13:20:00+00:002016-03-07T13:22:41.367759+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/how-to-stream-better-quality-video-part-1-basics-and-good-practices/<html><div><div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<p style="text-align: left;">You're trying to stream a video to a work colleague who is complaining that it's very, very slow to load. Or perhaps you are trying to embed a video clip in your web page and are not satisfied with the quality of the result. Is there anything that can be done to improve the situation?</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Video streaming sends your video (source) to play back on a computer or mobile device (client), using an internet connection to transport the video. Streaming video is a complex process involving many different components. In this series if articles, we help you understand the basics of streaming videoand the various factors that make a big difference to the quality of your video clip.</p>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">In this first article, we look at the basics of streaming video and discuss good and bad practice.</span><br/><br/><br/></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">1. Streaming video: the basics</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-6f240217-ec0a-d4c6-6d1a-b9b3cb290fe4"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">These are the basic components involved in streaming video from source to destination.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Source </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">- A video clip you've recorded or created.</span><br/><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br/></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Editing and compression </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">- </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Once you have edited your media file, it is converted into a form suitable for sending over a network. This involves <b>compressing</b> or <b>encoding</b> the video and audio information</span><span>.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Server </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">- Stores the media file and sends it to the client on demand.</span><br/><br/></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Network </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">- Transports (streams) the video from the server to the client. </span><br/><br/></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Client</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"> - Receives the media file, extracts (<b>decodes</b>) video and audio information and plays back the video clip. </span><br/><br/><span>"Streaming" means that the client can start playing the video clip before it's fully downloaded, as soon as there is enough data to start decoding and playback. In this screenshot, the client has received and stored enough data to decode and play the clip, even though the whole clip hasn't been downloaded yet. The video clip plays smoothly, while the client continues to download and store ("buffer") the remaining data.</span><br/><span><br/></span>
<div class="separator" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0K_zMKKn-bo/UrB0_Y8bplI/AAAAAAAAAQI/UZvqyelLbLo/s1600/Screen+Shot+2013-12-17+at+15.58.12.png"><img border="0" height="157" src="https://media-vcodex-com.s3.amazonaws.com/media/imported-news/Screen%2BShot%2B2013-12-17%2Bat%2B15.58.12.png" width="320"/></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><span>Figure 2: Streaming playback</span></div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br/><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">2. Compression and codecs</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br/><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><b>2.1 The basics of compression</b></span><br/><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br/></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">A </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">codec</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"> is an encoder and a decoder. An <b>encoder</b> compresses audio or video so it </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">takes up less disk space. A <b>decoder</b> extracts audio or video information from the compressed file. Video and audio compression is a complex technical process, but the basic aim of a codec is quite straightforward:</span><br/>
<blockquote class="tr_bq"><span>(a) Reduce the size of the compressed media file as much as possible, but...</span><span>(b) Keep the quality of the decoded audio and video as good as possible.</span></blockquote>
<span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Most codecs work by removing information that is not noticeable to the viewer / listener and by exploiting similarities in the audio / video data.</span><br/>
<blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Example 1: Small, subtle variations in texture will tend to be "masked" by strong shadows and edges. A video codec can exploit this by keeping stronger image features and throwing away some of the fine detail.</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br/></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Example 2: A video clip contains 25 or more frames per second. Instead of sending the entire frame every time, a video codec can save a lot of data by only sending the differences between frames.</span><span> </span></blockquote>
<span><span>Any device that records or plays back video contains a codec, either as part of a chip (hardware) or in software. When you record video on your mobile handset, watch anything on TV, or play video on the web, you're using a codec.</span></span><br/><br/><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><b>2.2 What's in a compressed media file?</b></span><br/><br/><span><span>Video or audio files on your computer or mobile device are usually stored in a compressed form. Common media file formats have extensions such as .mp4, .mov, .avi, etc. </span></span><br/><span><span><br/></span></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">There are </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">three main components of a compressed media file: compressed video, compressed audio and the structure of the file itself</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">.</span><br/><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br/></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">The compressed video will typically use one of a number of standard video codec formats, such as MPEG-2, MPEG-4 or H.264, VP8, etc. The compressed audio will use one of a number of audio codec formats, such as MP3 or AAC. The compressed video and audio are typically packaged into a <b>container</b> format, i.e. a special type of file that is designed to carry video and audio along with other information known as metadata. Examples of container formats include MP4, MOV, MKV and AVI.</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Many combinations of video codec, audio codec and container format are possible. One challenge you may face is that not all combinations are supported by every computer or mobile client. </span><br/><br/></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">3. Important concepts</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br/><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><b>Bitrate and bandwidth</b> - The information-carrying capacity of a network connection is commonly known as bitrate or bandwidth and is measured in giga/mega/kilobits per second. A 3G mobile connection might be capable of carrying a few tens of kilobits per second; a home broadband connection may support hundreds of kilobits up to a few megabits per second; a fibre or leased line may be capable of carrying tens of megabits or more per second.</span><br/><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br/></span><span><span>To stream video smoothly, it is important that the bitrate or bandwidth of the network connection is greater than the bitrate of the streaming media file. Even after compression, video and audio can require a significant bitrate capacity.</span></span><br/><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br/></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Video resolution </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">- Most cameras, even on mobile devices, are capable of recording video in High Definition (HD) resolution. However, significantly more bandwidth or bitrate is required to handle HD video compared with lower resolution video.</span><br/><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br/></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">A single frame of "full HD" or "1080p" video (1920x1080 pixels) has more than twice the pixels of a single frame of "720p" video (1280x720 pixels), which in turn is more than twice the size of a single frame of "Standard Definition" or "SD" video (720x576 pixels or smaller).</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br/><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><b>Transcoding - </b>If your video/audio material is not suitable for streaming, you may need to <b>transcode</b> it. This may involve:</span><br/><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Changing resolution: For example, resample from 1080p HD down to 720p or SD.</span><br/><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Changing codec or container: For example, change the video codec from MPEG-2 to H.264, or change the file format (container) from AVI to MP4.</span><br/><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Improving streaming performance: For example, reorganising the audio and video samples in the container file, or converting to an adaptive streaming format. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"><br/></span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">4. Tips for better streaming performance</span><br/><br/></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Keep the camera as steady as possible. More movement means more data after compression, which means that you will need more network bandwidth to achieve good quality video playback.</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Use good lighting where possible. Poor lighting can produce increased camera “noise” which leads to more data after compression.</span><span> Here's an example: the first scene is well lit, the second is dark and "grainy" in appearance. The poorly-lit scene will require more network bandwidth to transmit.</span></div>
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<div><span><span> </span></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Choose your video codec carefully. Older codec formats such as MPEG-2 are less efficient, i.e. the coded video file will be considerably larger than a newer codec such as H.264. The latest codecs, such as HEVC and VP9, may give the best compression but there is limited software and playback support for these codecs at present (see Part 3). </span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Use a lower resolution (e.g. SD rather than HD) or consider adaptive streaming (see Part 2). </span></div>
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<ul style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Be aware that video content has a significant effect on the bandwidth required for streaming and/or on the video playback quality. For example, if two SD video clips are both compressed at the same bitrate (400 kilobits per second). The clip with more movement will result in the video quality looking worst even though the video resolution and the streaming bitrate are the same. </span></li>
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<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Does your editing software have options such as “slow” or "multi-pass" encoding? If so, consider selecting these options. Processing the file will take longer because the software will spend more time to choose the best compression options for each video frame. However, the end result may be better video quality and/or a smaller compressed file.</span></div>
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<div><span><span> </span></span></div>
<div><span><span><b>5. Going further</b></span></span></div>
<div><span><span><b> </b></span></span></div>
<div><span><span>Part 2 of this series of articles will cover more advanced topics such as Adaptive Streaming. Part 3 will compare the latest video codecs in depth.</span></span></div>
<div><span><span> </span></span></div>
<div><span><span>To find out more about video compression and streaming, visit Iain Richardson's website: <a href="http://vcodex.com/">vcodex.com</a></span></span></div>
<div></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span>Copyright (c) Vcodex Limited / Onecodec Limited, 2014</span></span><br/>
<div><span><span> </span></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">---- Professor Iain Richardson is the author of four books on video compression. He leads Vcodex, providers of expert advice on video compression and multimedia communications. http://vcodex.com</div></div></html>HEVC Analysers2014-08-25T07:38:00+00:002016-03-14T15:03:39.894392+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/hevc-analysers/<p dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;">High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) [1,2] is a next generation video coding standard which has the potential to improve delivery of High Definition and Ultra High Definition video. A HEVC analyser is software with a user-friendly interface for visualising and testing of HEVC bitstreams. It can be a useful tool for broadcasters and content delivery professionals, quality assurance teams, educators, codec architects and for anyone new to the standard. This white paper gives an overview of some popular HEVC analysers as well as their installation guides, usage and available features. HEVC bitstream analyzers featured include Elecard HEVC analyser, Parabola Explorer and Zond265.</p>
<p dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;">The full whitepaper is available <a href="https://www.vcodex.com/hevc-analysers/">here</a>. If you would like us to feature your analyzer product, please get in touch.</p>
<p dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"><b><span>Elecard HEVC analyser</span></b></p>
<p dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"><span style="">Developed by Elecard, this bitstream analyzer comes in trial and full versions. The analyzer currently runs on Windows machines with Microsoft .NET framework installed. To install, download the installer from [3] and follow the on-screen instructions. The User manual [4] explains the system requirements. Once installed, start by opening a HEVC file and explore the various features available by using the menu bar in the main window. Figure 1 shows the main window, which includes the frame navigation view, picture view, metadata information, bitstream view and coding unit information view.</span></p>
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<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nV7JL_GGk1Y/VL5_qQ3mzxI/AAAAAAAAAJQ/lxebrA1n8sw/s1600/elecard.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="219" src="https://media-vcodex-com.s3.amazonaws.com/media/imported-news/elecard.png" width="320"/></a></td>
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<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;">Figure 1: Elecard HEVC analyzer - main window</span></td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none;"><b><span>Parabola Explorer</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none;"><span style="">Developed by Parabola Research, the analyser is available in trial and full versions from their website [5]. The software currently runs on Windows machines only. To install, register with Parabola Research [6] and a download link to the software installer is sent via email. Run the installer and follow the on-screen instructions to install the software. The user manual is available at [7]. Figure 2 shows the main window which includes the frame navigation view, picture view, bitstream pane and coding statistics pane.</span></p>
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<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;">Figure 2: Parabola Explorer HEVC bitstream analyzer - main window</span></td>
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<div class="normal"></div>
<div class="MsoNormal"><b><span> </span></b></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><b><span>Zond265</span></b></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="text-align: center;">Developed by Solveig Multimedia, the software is available from [8] and comes in demo and full versions. The demo version allows analysis of the first 10 frames per sequence with no time limit. Registration is required to get the download link for the demo version. Documentation and FAQs are available at [9]. Figure 3 shows the main window, which includes picture view, toolbar options, bitstream pane and the timeline window.</span></p>
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<div class="normal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qUIU0FNEs-E/VL6EY_ZA6-I/AAAAAAAAAJk/MYCns5jllPQ/s1600/zond265%2Bmain.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://media-vcodex-com.s3.amazonaws.com/media/imported-news/zond265%252Bmain.jpg" width="320"/></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;">Figure 3: Zond265 bitstream analyzer - main window<br/></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="normal"></div>
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table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; border:none;} </style><![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--><span>Find out more about these analysers <a href="https://www.vcodex.com/hevc-analysers/">here</a><b>.</b></span></p>
<p class="normal"><b><span>References</span></b></p>
<div class="normal">
<p class="normal"><span>[1] HEVC video coding standard: </span><span><a href="http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.265-201304-I">http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.265-201304-I</a></span></p>
<p class="normal"><span>[2] HEVC material on the Vcodex website: </span><a href="https://www.vcodex.com/h265-high-efficiency-video-coding-hevc/">www.vcodex.com/h265-high-efficiency-video-coding-hevc/</a></p>
<p class="normal"><span>[3] Elecard HEVC analyzer website: </span><span><a href="http://www.elecard.com/en/products/professional/analysis/hevc-analyzer.html">http://www.elecard.com/en/products/professional/analysis/hevc-analyzer.html</a></span></p>
<p class="normal"><span>[4] Elecard HEVC analyzer user manual: </span><span><a href="http://www.elecard.com/assets/files/manuals/hevc-plugin/EHEVC_PlugIn_UG.pdf">http://www.elecard.com/assets/files/manuals/hevc-plugin/EHEVC_PlugIn_UG.pdf</a></span></p>
<p class="normal"><span>[5] Parabola Explorer website: </span><span><a href="http://www.parabolaresearch.com/explorer-hevc-analyzer.html">http://www.parabolaresearch.com/explorer-hevc-analyzer.html</a></span></p>
<p class="normal"><span>[6] Parabola Explorer<span> </span>download instructions: </span><span><a href="http://www.parabolaresearch.com/download.html">http://www.parabolaresearch.com/download.html</a></span></p>
<p class="normal"><span>[7] Parabola Explorer user manual: </span><span><a href="http://www.parabolaresearch.com/downloads/Parabola-Explorer-User-Guide.pdf">http://www.parabolaresearch.com/downloads/Parabola-Explorer-User-Guide.pdf</a></span></p>
<p class="normal"><span>[8] Zond 265 webpage: </span><span><a href="http://www.solveigmm.com/en/products/zond/">http://www.solveigmm.com/en/products/zond/</a></span></p>
<p class="normal"><span>[9] Zond 265 documentation: </span><span><a href="http://www.solveigmm.com/en/howto/zond-265-tutorial/">http://www.solveigmm.com/en/howto/zond-265-tutorial/</a><a href="http://www.solveigmm.com/en/howto/zond-265-tutorial/"></a></span></p>
<div class="normal"><span></span></div>
</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none;">Iain Richardson and Abharana Bhat, August 2014</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none;">---- Professor Iain Richardson is the author of four books on video compression. He leads Vcodex, providers of expert advice on video compression and multimedia communications. http://vcodex.com</p>Video coding: a historical timeline of standards and formats2014-06-23T13:45:00+00:002016-03-14T15:06:11.002799+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/video-coding-a-historical-timeline-of-standards-and-formats/<p><strong>Selected milestones in video coding.</strong></p>
<p><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Video coding standards are a fundamental part of many codecs in use today. If you are learning about video codecs or involved in codec development, it is important to know what a video coding standard is and how the existing standards have evolved. Newer video codecs such as H.264/AVC and HEVC have a basic structure that is similar to older codecs such as MPEG-2 part-2. This blog begins by describing a video coding standard and the need for standardisation. The process of standardisation is briefly explained. The timeline of development of popular video coding standards and video coding formats is outlined. </span></p>
<h2><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">What is a video coding standard? </span></h2>
<p dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">A video coding standard is a document describing the bitstream </span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">structure</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"> and the decoding method for video compression. The standard does not define the encoder; rather it defines the output structure that an encoder should produce. Video coding standards typically define a toolkit, a set of tools to coding video. Not all pieces of the toolkit need to be implemented to create a standard compliant bitstream. However, decoders conforming to the standard must implement some subset of the toolkit.</span></p>
<h2><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Why standardise? </span></h2>
<p><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Standardisation enables encoders and decoders from different manufacturers to work together across a range of applications. Standardisation allows for decoding of bitstreams from previous and emerging standards. There is also a greater freedom for consumers to choose between manufacturers. For developers of standard-compliant video coding systems, the published standard is an essential point of reference as it defines the capabilities that a video codec must conform to in order to successfully interwork with other systems.</span></p>
<h3><span>The standardisation process</span></h3>
<p><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">The main steps towards the finalisation of a standard are shown in Figure 1.</span><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></p>
<p><b> </b></p>
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<p></p>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<p><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Figure 1. The standardisation process (Copyright: Vcodex Limited)</span></p>
<p>In the first phase, the requirements for a specific application or a field of applications are identified. Example for a field of applications includes video data exchange via communication networks. The next phase involves the development of different algorithms by various laboratories. The developed algorithms are compared and a set of basic techniques which forms the core of the standard is selected and refined in a joint effort during the collaboration phase. At the end of this phase a draft standard is issued, which has to be validated by compliance testing based on computer simulations or hardware tests and field trials. After successful validation and refinements, the final standard is published.</p>
<p><span>The timeline</span></p>
<p><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Two standardisation bodies, the international standards organisation (ISO) and the international telecommunications union (ITU), have developed a series of standards that have been central to the development of the media industry. Popular ISO coding standards include MPEG-1, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 standards. ITU-T has published the H.26x line of coding standards including H.261, H.262, H.263 and H.263+. Other video coding formats include Theora, VPx and Daala. The timeline of some major standards and video formats over the last 20 years is shown in figure 2.</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://media-vcodex-com.s3.amazonaws.com/media/imported-news/Screen%252BShot%252B2015-04-27%252Bat%252B15.14.01.png"/></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Figure 2. Timeline for various video coding standards and formats (Copyright: Vcodex Limited)</span></div>
<p><b> </b></p>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Many of the basic concepts of video coding such as transform coding, motion estimation and compensation and entropy coding, were developed in the 1970s and 1980s. </span></div>
<p><b> </b></p>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">For more information on these popular video coding standards and formats, click <a href="https://www.vcodex.com/historical-timeline-of-video-coding-standards-and-formats/" target="_blank">here</a>.</span><br/><br/></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">---- Professor Iain Richardson is the author of four books on video compression. He leads Vcodex, providers of expert advice on video compression and multimedia communications. http://vcodex.com</div>HEVC and VP9 video codecs - try them yourself2014-05-05T13:57:00+00:002016-03-14T15:11:56.231139+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/hevc-and-vp9-video-codecs-try-them-yourself/<p><span style="border: none;">High efficiency video coding (HEVC) and Google / WebM VP9 are new codec formats designed to support HD and ultra HD streaming and broadcasting. This article explains how to start experimenting with HEVC and VP9 encoding. This is a short summary of the full article available at <a href="https://www.vcodex.com/h265-high-efficiency-video-coding-hevc/">h265</a>. </span></p>
<h2><b><span><span>1.<span> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span>HM reference software for HEVC</span></b></h2>
<p><span style="text-align: justify;">The HM software codec is a reference implementation of the HEVC coding standard developed by the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC). It is suitable for experimenting with the various features available in the HEVC coding standard and/or for checking compliance, but may not be suitable for real-time implementations. The following steps will show you how to build and run the HM codec.</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span style="border: none;">Step 1: Get the source code</span></p>
<p><span><span>svn checkout</span><a href="https://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/svn/svn_HEVCSoftware/trunk/"><span> </span><span>https://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/svn/svn_HEVCSoftware/trunk/</span></a></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span style="border: none;">Step 2: Build the software according to the instructions here:</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><b><span><a href="https://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/svn/svn_HEVCSoftware/branches/HM-9.2-dev/doc/software-manual.pdf">https://hevc.hhi.fraunhofer.de/svn/svn_HEVCSoftware/branches/HM-9.2-dev/doc/software-manual.pdf</a></span></b></p>
<p><span style="border: none;">Step 3: Using the encoder</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span style="border: none;">The HEVC encoder requires three inputs: </span></p>
<p><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="border: none;"><span>·<span> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="border: none;">uncompressed (raw) YUV or Y4M file, </span><span style="border: none;"></span></p>
<p><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="border: none;"><span>·<span> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="border: none;">codec configuration file </span><span style="border: none;"></span></p>
<p><!-- [if !supportLists]--><span style="border: none;"><span>·<span> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="border: none;">sequence specific configuration file</span><span style="border: none;"></span></p>
<p><span>For example,</span><span style="text-align: justify;"> the following command line runs the HM encoder with codec configuration file encoder_randomaccess.cfg and sequence configuration file jockey.cfg.</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span><span>./TAppEncoder -c encoder_randomaccess.cfg -c jockey.cfg</span></span></p>
<p><span style="border: none;">Step 4: Decoding and playback</span><span style="border: none;"></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span style="border: none;">The encoder will output two files: a compressed .bin file and a reconstructed .yuv file. The YUV file can be played back using a YUV player such as GLYUVPlay. GPAC’s Osmo4 player can playback the .bin file if you change the file extension from .bin to .mp4.</span></p>
<h2><b><span><span>2.<span> </span></span></span></b><b><span>x265 encoder for HEVC</span></b></h2>
<p><span>x265 is an open source software and library for HEVC encoding and decoding developed by a consortium led by </span><span>MulticoreWare</span><span>. It is available under the GNU General Public License. </span></p>
<p><span><span>The software can be used as a standalone tool or with FFMPEG as a library. The download and installation instructions are as follows:</span></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span><span>Step 1: Get the source code and install instructions from </span></span><a href="https://bitbucket.org/multicoreware/x265/wiki/Home"><span><span>https://bitbucket.org/multicoreware/x265/wiki/Home</span></span><span></span></a><span><span>.</span></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span><span>Step 2: Follow the install instructions.</span></span><span> Check if installation is successful by typing </span><span>x265</span><span> at the terminal.</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span><span>Step 3: </span></span><span><span>The command line to run the encoder is</span></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span><span>x265 [options] infile [-o] outfile<span> </span></span></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span><span>where</span> “</span><span><span>infile” is an uncompressed source file (YUV or Y4M) and “outfile” is a compressed HEVC bitstream.</span></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span><span>Step 4: Use x265 as a library in the FFMPEG framework</span></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span><span style="border: none;">To use the x265 encoder via FFMPEG, install x265 by following steps 1-4 and re-configure FFMPEG with -enable-libx265.</span></span></p>
<p><span><span>The command line for using x265 library via FFMPEG is:</span></span></p>
<p><span><span>ffmpeg -i [input] -c:v libx265 [options] output[.265/.mkv]</span></span><span><span></span></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span><span style="border: none;">FFMPEG currently does not support the MP4 file format for HEVC files. You can use MP4Box to convert .265 to mp4 format.</span></span></p>
<h2><span><b><span><span>3.<span> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span>WebM VP9 codec</span></b></span></h2>
<p><span>Step 1: Download and install the vp9 codec from the WebM project website: </span><span><span><a href="http://www.webmproject.org/code/">http://www.webmproject.org/code/</a> </span></span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span>Step 2 Type </span><span>vpxenc</span><span> at the command line to see if the installation was successful.</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span>Step 3</span><span>: Example command line for running the vp9 encoder using vpxenc.</span></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p><span><span>vpxenc --codec=vp9 --profile=0 --fps=50000/1001 --static-thresh=0 --drop-frame=0 --good --auto-alt-ref=1 --kf-min-dist=50 --kf-max-dist=50 --min-q=32 --max-q=32 --max-intra-rate=50 -threads 4 -w 1280 -h 720 --limit=500 in_to_tree_420_720p500.yuv -o in_to_tree_420_720p500_vp9_qp32.webm</span></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span>Step 4: Decoding and playback</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span>Option 1: convert to uncompressed YUV video using FFMPEG for playback using the following command line:</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span><span>ffmpeg -i input.webm -f rawvideo out.yuv</span></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span>Option 2: use the latest version of VLC player to playback the webm file.</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<h2><span>To find out more</span></h2>
<p><span><span>Visit </span><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span><a href="https://www.vcodex.com/h265-high-efficiency-video-coding-hevc/" style="text-align: justify;">h265</a><span> for a full version of this article and for more resources on HEVC, VP9 and other video codecs.</span></span></p>
<p><span><span> </span></span></p>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">---- Professor Iain Richardson is the author of four books on video compression. He leads Vcodex, providers of expert advice on video compression and multimedia communications. <a href="http://vcodex.com">http://vcodex.com</a></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer"></div>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">Abharana Bhat and Iain Richardson, May 2014</div>Comparing HEVC and H.264 : Update2014-01-15T13:51:00+00:002016-03-14T15:07:31.340370+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/comparing-hevc-and-h264-update/<p>This post explains how you can compare the quality of the new High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard with its predecessor, H.264/AVC. I've uploaded three versions of the same sequence:</p>
<ol style="">
<li>Encoded using HEVC / HM10</li>
<li>Encoded using H.264 / x264 at <b>twice the bitrate</b> of a.</li>
<li>Encoded using H.264 / x264 at <b>the same bitrate</b> as a.</li>
</ol>
<p>I've updated this post to include instructions for HEVC / H.265 playback using VideoLAN's VLC player.</p>
<p></p>
<p><b>To compare H.264 and HEVC / H.265:</b></p>
<p>1. Download and install VLC version 2.1.2 or later : <a href="http://www.videolan.org/vlc/">http://www.videolan.org/vlc/</a><br/>Or: download and install the latest version of GPAC, which includes the Osmo4 player: <span class="s1"><a href="https://gpac.wp.mines-telecom.fr/downloads/gpac-nightly-builds/" target="_blank">https://gpac.wp.mines-telecom.fr/downloads/gpac-nightly-builds/</a></span><br/><br/></p>
<p>2. Download the following test sequences:</p>
<p>a. Kristen and Sara, 720p, 10 seconds, 60 frames per second, HEVC / HM10 Anchor (Random Access, QP=32), approx 420 kbps.</p>
<p><a href="https://app.box.com/s/hrbj7pd2vpdpfynm7xdu" target="_blank">https://app.box.com/s/hrbj7pd2vpdpfynm7xdu</a></p>
<p>b. Kristen and Sara, H.264 / x264 / veryslow preset, QP=31, approx 810 kbps. <a href="https://app.box.com/s/is2sdqh7tqdiuc1i76g6" target="_blank">https://app.box.com/s/is2sdqh7tqdiuc1i76g6</a></p>
<p>c. Kristen and Sara, H.264 / x264 / veryslow preset, QP=37, approx 440 kbps.</p>
<p><a href="https://app.box.com/s/3mkoob6sppijp2b1kf3g" target="_blank">https://app.box.com/s/3mkoob6sppijp2b1kf3g</a></p>
<p></p>
<p>3. Play back each test sequence using the VLC or Osmo4 player.</p>
<p></p>
<p>Things to look out for:</p>
<p>- At <b>the same bitrate</b> (~420kbps), is the quality of the HEVC sequence (a) significantly better than the H.264 sequence (c)? <i>In my view, yes.</i></p>
<p><i> </i></p>
<p>- At <b>half the bitrate</b> (420kbps vs. 810kbps), is the quality of the HEVC sequence (a) as good as the H.264 sequence (b)? <i>In my view, the HEVC sequence displays smoother motion, but loses some fine detail.</i></p>
<p></p>
<p><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q9GvLnoaKh0/UXeR1t7Q6zI/AAAAAAAAAJI/jl6yK6xLawI/s1600/kristen_800_420_comparison.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://media-vcodex-com.s3.amazonaws.com/media/imported-news/kristen_800_420_comparison.png" width="320"/></a></p>
<p><br/><br/></p>
<p><b>To experiment with other test sequences:</b></p>
<p></p>
<p>1. Download + install GPAC, as described above:</p>
<p><span class="s1"><a href="https://gpac.wp.mines-telecom.fr/downloads/gpac-nightly-builds/" target="_blank">https://gpac.wp.mines-telecom.fr/downloads/gpac-nightly-builds/</a></span><br/>(Choose Latest Available Binaries)</p>
<p>This package includes the Osmo4 player and the MP4Box utility.</p>
<p></p>
<p>2. Download an encoded HEVC anchor bitstream (.bin) from:</p>
<p><span class="s1">ftp://ftp.kw.bbc.co.uk/hevc/<span class="s2"></span></span><br/><span class="s1">(I chose "Kristen and Sara, QP=32" from the HM10 / Random Access folder for the above examples).</span></p>
<p></p>
<p>3. Rename the downloaded bitstream: from (name).bin to (name).265</p>
<p></p>
<p>4. Package as an .mp4 file. Open a command prompt and type:</p>
<p>mp4box -fps (fps) -add (name.265) (name).mp4</p>
<p>- where (name.265) is the renamed bitstream file and (fps) is the number of frames per second of the original sequence.<br/><br/><span>(Here's an example of the command line for the Mac, your path may be different: /Applications/Osmo4.app/Contents/MacOS/MP4Box -fps 24 -add Kimono1_qp32.265 Kimono1_qp32.mp4)</span></p>
<p></p>
<p>5. Open with VLC or Osmo4 and play back.</p>
<p></p>
<p><b>Notes</b></p>
<p><b> </b></p>
<p>Windows: Playback of 720p HEVC sequences is a little jerky but works reasonably well. Playback of higher-resolution sequences is very jerky on my PC.<br/>Mac : Playback of 720p and 1080p HEVC clips on my Mac (10.8.3, 2.9GHz) is reasonably smooth.</p>
<p></p>
<p><b>Quality is subjective</b></p>
<p><b> </b></p>
<p>Video quality is, of course, highly subjective. Do you think the 420kbps HEVC sequence (a) is as good as, or better than, the 810kbps H.264 sequence (b)?</p>
<p></p>
<p>- Iain Richardson</p>
<p>---- Professor Iain Richardson is the author of four books on video compression. He leads Vcodex, providers of expert advice on video compression and multimedia communications. http://vcodex.com</p>MPEG Internet Video Coding2013-11-15T11:19:00+00:002016-03-14T15:07:46.562676+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/mpeg-internet-video-coding/<p>MPEG is working on a standard for Internet Video Coding. The aim is to develop a standard that includes a royalty free Baseline Profile, with performance that is comparable to the Baseline Profile of H.264/AVC.</p>
<p>The plan is to develop a final draft of the standard by July 2014. You can read the Call for Proposals here:<br/><a href="http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/standards/exploration/internet-video-coding/call-proposals-internet-video-coding-technology">http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/standards/exploration/internet-video-coding/call-proposals-internet-video-coding-technology</a><br/><br/>and a draft of the Test Model (an early working version of the proposed standard) is available here:<br/><a href="http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/standards/exploration/internet-video-coding/internet-video-coding-test-model-itm-v-60">http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/standards/exploration/internet-video-coding/internet-video-coding-test-model-itm-v-60</a><br/><br/>The Test Model includes familiar elements such as 16x16 macroblocks, a DCT-like transform and motion compensated prediction, with multiple reference pictures, bidirectional prediction and multi-hypothesis prediction.<br/><br/>We'll keep you posted as the IVC standard continues to develop.<br/><br/>- Iain Richardson<br/><br/></p>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">---- Professor Iain Richardson is the author of four books on video compression. He leads Vcodex, providers of expert advice on video compression and multimedia communications. http://vcodex.com</div>Visiting DC this week2013-08-19T09:18:00+00:002016-03-14T15:07:56.066076+00:00Iain Richardsonhttps://vcodex.com/news/author/iain@vcodex.com/https://vcodex.com/news/visiting-dc-this-week/<p>Delighted to be heading to Washington DC this week to give an invited talk to technical staff at the Smithsonian Institution. I'll be talking about recent developments in video coding formats, including the new HEVC standard, and what implications these developments might have for the Smithsonian.</p>
<p>---- Professor Iain Richardson is the author of four books on video compression. He leads Vcodex, providers of expert advice on video compression and multimedia communications. http://vcodex.com</p>